ÿþ<html lang="en,fr,cpf"> <head> <title>Diglossia in Mauritian Creole</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en,fr,cpf"> <meta name="Description" content="There are three different orthographies for Mauritian Creole which are distinguished in terms of if and how nasalisation is marked"> <meta name="KeyWords" content="ortography, ortograph, language,langue,Creole, créole, Kreol, kréol, mauricien, Mauritius, Mauritian, Moricyen, mauritian creole, créole mauricien, français,french,english,anglais,translation,traduction,dictionnaire,dictionary"> <meta name="Resource-type" content="Document"> <meta name="Distribution" content="Global"> <meta name="Copyright" content="kreol.mu"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/en.css"> <script language=javascript src="/en.js"></script> </head> <body bgcolor="FFFFF0"> <center> <a name="Top"></a> <table> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="94"> <table border="1" width="790" 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class="Trafiletto" height="20">Sites</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3 height=5></td> </tr> <tr valign="top" bgcolor="F3F3F3"> <td colspan=3 class="ArialBlack"> <a href="http://www.kreol.mu" target="_blank">Creole</a><br> <a href="http://www.sega.mu" target="_blank">Sega</a><br> <a href="http://www.stampsmauritius.com" target="_blank">Stamps</a><br> <a href="http://www.birds.mu" target="_blank">Birds</a><br> <a href="http://www.alpareflex.com" target="_blank">Alpa</a><br> <a href="http://www.orchids.mu" target="_blank">Orchids</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td valign=top width=1 bgcolor=#cccccc> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=1 border=0> <tbody> <tr> <td width=1 bgcolor=#ffffff height=1><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td valign=top width=350> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=350 border=0 id_xopus="2002/05/18/wi/article8624H" xml_xopus="2002/05/18/wi/article8624H.nzzoml" xsl_xopus="htmlArtikelZweiteSpalte_XOPUS.xsl" xsd_xopus="bericht.xsd" xmlns:xalan="http://xml.apache.org/xalan"> <tbody> <tr> <td width=7><img height=1 alt=/Images/pixel.gif" width=7 border=0></td> <td width=3><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=3 border=0></td> <td width=330><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=330 border=0></td> <td width=3><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=3 border=0></td> <td width=7><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=7 border=0></td> </tr> <tr > <td colspan=5 height=5 bgcolor="#336699"></td> </tr> <tr valign="middle" align="left" bgcolor="#336699"> <td></td> <td colspan=4 height=25 bgcolor="#336699" valign="middle"><font color="white" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4"><b>CREOLE LANGUAGE</b></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=5></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=5>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign=top colspan=2 height="30"></td> <td valign=top height="30"> <h1>Diglossia in Mauritian Creole</h1> by <a href="http://www.ecu.edu.au/ses/research/CALLR/sociowww/Courseplan.htm" target="_blank">Ian Malcolm</a></td> <td valign=top colspan=2 height="30"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=5 height=12></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign=top colspan=2></td> <td valign=top><font face="Geneva, Arial" size=-1> </font> <p>The word <i>code</i> is<font color="0066cc"> </font>frequently used as a cover term for all those language<font color="ff3300"> </font>situations which we considered in the previous lectures, that is, terms like <i>dialect, language, style, register</i>, etc. The term <i>code</i> is a neutral term used to refer to any kind of system that people use to communicate with each other. In this lecture we will look at situations where more than one <i>code</i> exists and the values attached to these different <i>codes. </i>In particular we are interested in what are called <i>diglossic</i> situations, that is where more than one code exists and where there are  clear functional differences between the codes and these differences govern their use. (Wardhaugh 1998:86)</p> <p>Diglossia is a term introduced by Charles Ferguson in 1959.  A <i>diglossic</i> situation exists in a society when it has two distinct codes which show clear functional separation; that is, one code is employed in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set (op cit:87). Moreover, it is sometimes a serious violation of social behaviour if codes are used in inappropriate situations. This can cause certain codes to be associated with certain social groups or behaviours and these codes inevitably divide themselves into High and Low varieties.</p> <p> <i>High varieties</i> are typically used for delivering sermons, formal lectures and legal and administrative transactions (eg. In courts of law, parliament, for political speeches and for radio broadcasting, editorials in newspapers, and for literature, etc). <font face="Times,Times New Roman"></font></p> <p align="right"><a href="#Top"><img src="/Images/red-arrowrup.gif" width="6" height="6" border="0">&nbsp;Top</a></p> <p> <i>Low varieties</i> might be used for giving instruction to workers in low-prestige occupations (eg, in countries where there are servants), in casual conversations, within family and social groups, on popular radio and television, etc. Usually low varieties are represented in literature as embedded discourse and used to characterise particular people from particular socio-economic levels. Only occasionally is a low variety used to write an entire literary work. One example is the work of Chaucer, which, in its day, represented the vernacular at the end of the period of Norman control of Britain. This began in 1066 with the Norman Conquest and resulted in a <i>diglossic</i> situation which was to last for about 300 years and during which time the high variety (Norman French) co-existed with the low variety (English).</p> <p>Low varieties, by not having a literary tradition will tend not to have established orthographies. Sometimes there are strong and long-running debates which result from developing appropriate forms of writing low varieties. For example, there are three different orthographies for the French-based creole of Mauritius which are distinguished in terms of if and how nasalisation is marked: </p> </td> <td valign=top colspan=2></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td valign=top width=1 bgcolor=#cccccc > <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=1 border=0> <tbody> <tr> <td width=1 bgcolor=#ffffff height=1><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td valign=top width=152> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=151 border=0> <!--Language articles--> <tbody class="ArialBlack"> <tr bgcolor="#336699" height="1"> <td width="10" ><img width=10 height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif"border=0></td> <td width="140"><img width=140 height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" border=0></td> <td width="1"><img width=1 height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif"border=0></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#336699" height="26"> <td width="10" ><img width=10 height=26 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" border=0></td> <td colspan="2"valign="middle" align="left" class="Trafiletto">Language</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" height="22" > <td height="22" valign="baseline"><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan=2 valign="baseline" "height="22" bgcolor="F3F3F3"><a href="/Society/Language/index.html">Table of Content</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="6085CD" height="22"> <td valign="baseline">&nbsp;</td> <td valign="baseline" colspan="2" class="ArialWhite"> <p>Travellers' Creole</p> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" height="2"> <td width="10" ><img width=10 height=2 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif"border=0></td> <td width="140"><img width=140 height=2 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" border=0></td> <td width="1"><img width=1 height=2 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif"border=0></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td ><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="F3F3F3"><a href="/Society/Language/PhraseGreeting.htm">Greeting Phrases</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td ><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="F3F3F3"> <a href="/Society/Language/PhraseChemin.htm">Ask your way in Creole</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td ><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"> <a href="/Society/Language/PhraseSayings1.htm">Idiomatic Phrases</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td ><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2" ><a href="/Society/Language/Sirandanes_1.htm">Sirandanes</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td ><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2" > <a href="/Society/Language/Dictionary.htm">Dictionary</a> </td> </tr> <tr height="22"> <td valign="baseline" bgcolor="6085CD">&nbsp;</td> <td valign="baseline" colspan="2" class="ArialWhite" bgcolor="6085CD"> <p>Languages of Mauritius</p> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td ><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline">.</td> <td colspan=2 class="ArialBlack"> <a href="/Society/Language/Languages.htm">Languages spoken in Mauritius</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"> <a href="/Society/Language/French.htm">Mauritian French - Le Fran&ccedil;ais de l'Ile&nbsp;Maurice</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"> <a href="/Society/Language/Bhojpuri.htm">Bhojpuri: A Language of India</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"> <a href="/Society/Language/Tamil.htm">Tamil - A Language of India</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td width="8"><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"> <a href="/Society/Language/Urdu.htm">Urdu, a Language of Pakistan</a> </td> </tr> <tr height="22"> <td valign="baseline" bgcolor="6085CD">&nbsp;</td> <td valign="baseline" colspan="2" class="ArialWhite" bgcolor="6085CD"> <p>Kreol Morisyen</p> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/Society/Language/CreoleLanguages.htm">Pidgins and Creoles</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/Society/Language/Morisyen.htm">Mauritian Creole</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="F3F3F3"> <a href="/Society/Language/History.htm"> History</a></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"> <a href="/Society/Language/SpeakingSlavery.htm">Speaking Slavery Language in Eighteenth Century Mauritius</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"> <a href="/Society/Language/Creolization.htm">Tu dimunn pu vini kreol - The Mauritian Creole and the concept of creolization</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"> <a href="/Society/Language/Grammar.htm">Diglossia in Mauritian Creole</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="F3F3F3"> <a href="/Society/Language/Bibliography.htm">Bibliography</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"> <a href="/Society/Language/CreolistArchives.htm">Creolist Archives</a> </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="F3F3F3" valign="baseline"> <td><img src="/Images/RightGreyOn_F3F3F3.gif" width="8" height="9" align="baseline"></td> <td colspan="2"> <a href="/Society/Language/Links.htm">Language Links</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=139 border=0> <tbody> <tr> <td width=2><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=2 border=0></td> <td width=135><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=135 border=0></td> <td width=2><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=2 border=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor=#336699 colspan=3 height=2></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor=#336699 width="2"><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> <td bgcolor=#336699 width="135" valign="middle" align="left" class="Trafiletto" height="20">Links for this Article</td> <td bgcolor=#000000 width="2" ><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3 height=5></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="2" height="23"></td> <td width="135" valign="top" align="left" height="23"> <p><a href="http://www.emich.edu/~linguist/" target="_blank">The Linguist List</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/saoghal/mion-chanain/Failte_en.html" target="_blank">European Minority Languages Page</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.sil.org/ethnologue/" target="_blank">Ethnologue Language Family 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border=0></td> <td height=2 width="350"></td> <td bgcolor=#cccccc width="1" height="2"><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> <td width="152" height="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="130" height="2"></td> <td bgcolor=#cccccc colspan=3 height=2><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> <td width="152" height="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table width="720" border="1"> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="Images/orthog.gif" width="720" height="199"></td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=634 border=0> <tbody> <tr> <td valign=top width=130> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=129 border=0> <tbody> <tr> <td width=13 height="2"><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=10 border=0></td> <td width=132 height="2"><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=117 border=0></td> <td width=2 height="2"><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=2 border=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor=#cccccc colspan=3><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" border=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3 height=2></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td valign=top width=1 bgcolor=#cccccc> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=1 border=0> <tbody> <tr> <td width=1 bgcolor=#ffffff height=1><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td valign=top width=350> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=350 border=0 id_xopus="2002/05/18/wi/article8624H" xml_xopus="2002/05/18/wi/article8624H.nzzoml" xsl_xopus="htmlArtikelZweiteSpalte_XOPUS.xsl" xsd_xopus="bericht.xsd" xmlns:xalan="http://xml.apache.org/xalan"> <tbody> <tr> <td width=7><img height=1 alt=/Images/pixel.gif" width=7 border=0></td> <td width=3><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=3 border=0></td> <td width=330><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=330 border=0></td> <td width=3><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=3 border=0></td> <td width=7><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=7 border=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign=top colspan=2 ></td> <td valign=top > <p>In fact, the following dedication from the small booklet 'How to write Kreol properly' (1989) perhaps illustrates the strong identity this group of Mauritians has with the creole language:</p> <dir> <dir> <p>"Dedicated to all those struggling against the aggression of "Francophonie" and in favour of the people's languages in Mauritius" (ibid).</p> <div align="right"><a href="#Top"><img src="/Images/red-arrowrup.gif" width="6" height="6" border="0">&nbsp;Top</a></div> </dir> </dir> <p>High varieties enjoy considerable prestige. They are the varieties which allow social mobility, they are the varieties used in literature. Low varieties, on the other hand, are sometimes stigmatised and speakers of the high variety will even not admit to speaking the low variety. All children will learn the low variety, if not in their own homes, then from the servants who look after them and from other children at school. Frequently the low variety will become the common language or <i>lingua franca</i> of the playground while the high variety is taught inside the classroom. So we can differentiate the two varieties by saying that, for many speakers, the high variety is  taught but the low variety is  learned . Nonetheless there have been situations where the low variety has been introduced as the <i>medium of instruction</i> for the first three years of schooling (eg, the Seychelles), or where the choice of medium of instruction is left to the discretion of the principal. For example, in Mauritius , w<font face="Times,Times New Roman">ithin the education system, the choice of language instruction in schools is left to the discretion of the Director and very often the teacher will use either Bhojpuri(1)or Mauricien (Mauritian French-based creole) so that students understand in the lower levels. However, because of long-standing prejudices among teachers and parents Creole and Bhojpuri are not readily accepted as 'languages' <i>per se</i> in education.</font></p> <dir> <p>(1)Bhojpuri (derived from the name of the town Bhojpur) is the name for a group of dialects closely related to Hindi and spoken by some 20 million people in the north eastern Indian province of Bihar today (Dinan 1986:16).</p> </dir> <p>Low varieties will frequently borrow words from high varieties, particularly when a low variety is used more formally or when new words are required to expand the vocabulary. For example the influence of television has brought <font face="Times,Times New Roman">much new socio-economic terminology into the creole language of Mauritius , e.g: <u>reklasifikasyon</u> 'job reclassification', <u>ekportasyon</u> 'export' (noun)</font></p> <p align="right"><font face="Times,Times New Roman">.<a href="#Top"><img src="/Images/red-arrowrup.gif" width="6" height="6" border="0">&nbsp;Top</a></font></p> </td> <td valign=top colspan=2 ></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3 height=5 align="center"> <p ><a href="#" onClick="history.go(-1)"><img src="/Images/red-arrowleft.gif" width="6" height="6" border="0">&nbsp;Back</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="/Society/Language/Bibliography.htm">Next Page&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="/Images/red-arrowright.gif" width="8" height="8" border="0"></a> </p> <br> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Copyright ©2002-2005 Encyclopaedia Mauritiana</font> <br> <div class="LinkGrey"> <a href="http://www.mauritiusencyclopedia.com" target="_blank">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="http://www.kreol.mu" target="_blank">Creole</a> <a href="http://www.sega.mu" target="_blank">Sega</a> <a href="http://www.birds.mu" target="_blank">Birds</a> <a href="http://www.oldmaps.mu" target="_blank">Maps</a> <a href="http://www.orchids.mu" target="_blank">Orchids</a> <a href="http://www.leicaphoto.net" target="_blank">Leica</a> <a href="http://www.alpareflex.com" target="_blank">Alpa</a> <a href="http://www.kilfitt.org" target="_blank">Kilfitt</a> <a href="http://www.cadelec.com" target="_blank">Cadelec</a><br> <a href="http://www.werner.mu" target="_blank"> </a> <a href="http://www.ngyantun.com" target="_blank"> </a> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td valign=top width=1 bgcolor=#cccccc> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=1 border=0> <tbody> <tr> <td width=1 bgcolor=#ffffff height=1><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td valign=top width=152> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=139 border=0> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor=#336699 width="2"><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> <td bgcolor=#336699 width="135" valign="middle" align="left" class="Trafiletto" height="20">References</td> <td bgcolor=#000000 width="2" ><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3 height=5></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="2" height="110"></td> <td width="135" valign="top" height="110"><font size=-1><font color=#97172e><b>Wardhaugh</b>, Ronald (1998) <i><br> An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</i> <br> 3rd edition. <br> Oxford: Basil Blackwell (RW) </font></font> </td> <td width="2" height="110"></td> </tr> <tr> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=139 border=0> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan=3> <p class=A4>&nbsp;</p> </td> <!-- <tr> <td bgcolor=#336699 width="2"><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> <td bgcolor=#336699 width="135" valign="middle" align="left" class="Trafiletto" height="20">References</td> <td bgcolor=#000000 width="2" ><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3 height=5></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="2" height="15"></td> <td width="135" valign="top" height="15">&nbsp; </td> <td width="2" height="15"></td> </tr> --> <tr> <td bgcolor=#336699 width="2"><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> <td bgcolor=#336699 width="135" valign="middle" align="left" class="Trafiletto" height="20">Credits</td> <td bgcolor=#000000 width="2" ><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3 height=5></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="2" height="19"></td> <td width="135" valign="top" height="19">extract from :<br> <a href="http://www.ecu.edu.au/ses/research/CALLR/sociowww/Courseplan.htm" target="_blank">Sociolinguistics</a><br> by Professor Ian Malcolm<br> Lectures 1/2001 <br> Centre for Applied Language and Literacy Research<br> <a href="http://www.ecu.edu.au/" target="_blank">Edith Cowan University</a>, Australia </td> <td width="2" height="19"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3> <p class=A4>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="130"></td> <td bgcolor=#cccccc colspan=3 height=1><img height=1 alt=. src="/Images/pixel.gif" width=1 border=0></td> <td width="152"></td> </tr><tr> <td width="130"></td> <td></td> <td width="152"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="LinkGrey"> </div> </center> </body> </html>