਀         ਀  ऀ    㰀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀ 㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㔀㐀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㜀㄀∀ 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀⌀㌀㌀㘀㘀㤀㤀∀㸀 ਀ऀ       㰀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀ   㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀ㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀ 挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀⌀䔀㤀䔀㤀䔀㤀∀㸀䔀一䌀夀䌀䰀伀倀☀䄀䔀氀椀最㬀䐀䤀䄀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀ㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㘀∀ 挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀⌀䔀㤀䔀㤀䔀㤀∀㸀䴀愀甀爀椀琀椀愀渀愀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 ਀ऀऀ 㰀⼀琀搀㸀

The word code is frequently used as a cover term for all those ਀氀愀渀最甀愀最攀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀昀昀㌀㌀　　∀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀 氀攀挀琀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 椀猀Ⰰ 琀攀爀洀猀  like dialect, language, style, register, etc. The term code is a ਀渀攀甀琀爀愀氀 琀攀爀洀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀昀攀爀 琀漀 愀渀礀 欀椀渀搀 漀昀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 琀栀愀琀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 甀猀攀 琀漀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀攀  with each other. In this lecture we will look at situations where more than one ਀㰀椀㸀挀漀搀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 攀砀椀猀琀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瘀愀氀甀攀猀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀猀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 㰀椀㸀挀漀搀攀猀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀䤀渀  particular we are interested in what are called diglossic situations, ਀琀栀愀琀 椀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 漀渀攀 挀漀搀攀 攀砀椀猀琀猀 愀渀搀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 ᠀挠氀攀愀爀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀愀氀  differences between the codes’ and these differences govern their use. ਀⠀圀愀爀搀栀愀甀最栀 ㄀㤀㤀㠀㨀㠀㘀⤀㰀⼀瀀㸀

Diglossia is a term introduced by Charles Ferguson in 1959. ‘A ਀㰀椀㸀搀椀最氀漀猀猀椀挀㰀⼀椀㸀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀 攀砀椀猀琀猀 椀渀 愀 猀漀挀椀攀琀礀 眀栀攀渀 椀琀 栀愀猀 琀眀漀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀 挀漀搀攀猀  which show clear functional separation; that is, one code is employed in one set ਀漀昀 挀椀爀挀甀洀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 椀渀 愀渀 攀渀琀椀爀攀氀礀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 猀攀琀ᤀ†⠀漀瀀 挀椀琀㨀㠀㜀⤀⸀  Moreover, it is sometimes a serious violation of social behaviour if codes are ਀甀猀攀搀 椀渀 椀渀愀瀀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀愀琀攀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 挀愀渀 挀愀甀猀攀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 挀漀搀攀猀 琀漀 戀攀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀搀  with certain social groups or behaviours and these codes inevitably divide ਀琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 椀渀琀漀 䠀椀最栀 愀渀搀 䰀漀眀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀

਀㰀椀㸀䠀椀最栀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀爀攀 琀礀瀀椀挀愀氀氀礀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 搀攀氀椀瘀攀爀椀渀最 猀攀爀洀漀渀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀洀愀氀 氀攀挀琀甀爀攀猀  and legal and administrative transactions (eg. In courts of law, parliament, for ਀瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀攀猀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀 爀愀搀椀漀 戀爀漀愀搀挀愀猀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 攀搀椀琀漀爀椀愀氀猀 椀渀 渀攀眀猀瀀愀瀀攀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀漀爀  literature, etc).  Top

					਀                   Diglossia in Mauritian Creole ਀ऀऀ  戀礀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀攀挀甀⸀攀搀甀⸀愀甀⼀猀攀猀⼀爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀⼀䌀䄀䰀䰀刀⼀猀漀挀椀漀眀眀眀⼀䌀漀甀爀猀攀瀀氀愀渀⸀栀琀洀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀䤀愀渀 䴀愀氀挀漀氀洀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀
਀               ਀                㰀℀ⴀⴀ䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀ⴀⴀ㸀 㰀琀戀漀搀礀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀䈀氀愀挀欀∀㸀  ਀        ऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀⌀㌀㌀㘀㘀㤀㤀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㄀∀㸀                                               ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㐀　∀㸀㰀椀洀最 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㐀　 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀ 愀氀琀㴀⸀ 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀瀀椀砀攀氀⸀最椀昀∀ 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀         ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀　∀ 㸀㰀椀洀最 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀　 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㈀㘀 愀氀琀㴀⸀ 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀瀀椀砀攀氀⸀最椀昀∀ 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀         ਀   ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㈀㈀∀ 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀刀椀最栀琀䜀爀攀礀伀渀开䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㠀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㤀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ ਀   ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀        ऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㈀∀㸀                                               ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㐀　∀㸀㰀椀洀最 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㐀　 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㈀ 愀氀琀㴀⸀ 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀瀀椀砀攀氀⸀最椀昀∀ 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀        ऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀∀ 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀           ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀ 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀∀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⼀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀⼀倀栀爀愀猀攀䜀爀攀攀琀椀渀最⸀栀琀洀∀㸀䜀爀攀攀琀椀渀最 倀栀爀愀猀攀猀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀刀椀最栀琀䜀爀攀礀伀渀开䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㠀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㤀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀           ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀㸀 Idiomatic Phrases਀ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀∀ 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀ 㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⼀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀⼀匀椀爀愀渀搀愀渀攀猀开㄀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀匀椀爀愀渀搀愀渀攀猀㰀⼀愀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀刀椀最栀琀䜀爀攀礀伀渀开䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㠀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㤀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀ 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀㘀　㠀㔀䌀䐀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀         ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀刀椀最栀琀䜀爀攀礀伀渀开䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㠀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㤀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀⸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀ    ऀऀ㰀琀爀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀∀ 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀           ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀㸀 Mauritian French - Le Français de l'Ile Maurice਀ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ ਀           ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀㸀 Bhojpuri: A Language of India਀ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ ਀           ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀㸀 Tamil - A Language of India ਀ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀ    ऀऀ㰀琀爀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀∀ 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀 ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㠀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀刀椀最栀琀䜀爀攀礀伀渀开䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㠀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㤀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀ 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀㘀　㠀㔀䌀䐀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀刀椀最栀琀䜀爀攀礀伀渀开䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㠀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㤀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀刀椀最栀琀䜀爀攀礀伀渀开䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㠀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㤀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀           ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀ 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀∀㸀 History਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀           ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀㸀 Speaking Slavery Language in Eighteenth Century Mauritius਀ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀ    ऀऀ㰀琀爀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀∀ 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀 ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀刀椀最栀琀䜀爀攀礀伀渀开䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㠀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㤀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀           ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀㸀 Diglossia in Mauritian Creole਀ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀ    ऀऀ ਀           ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀ 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀∀㸀 Bibliography਀ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀ    ऀऀ㰀琀爀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀∀ 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀 ਀         ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀刀椀最栀琀䜀爀攀礀伀渀开䘀㌀䘀㌀䘀㌀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㠀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㤀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀           ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀㸀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⼀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀⼀䰀椀渀欀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀 䰀椀渀欀猀㰀⼀愀㸀 㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀       㰀⼀琀戀漀搀礀㸀  Language Table of Content਀         㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀          ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀瀀㸀吀爀愀瘀攀氀氀攀爀猀✀ 䌀爀攀漀氀攀㰀⼀瀀㸀 ਀          ऀ㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⼀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀⼀倀栀爀愀猀攀䌀栀攀洀椀渀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀䄀猀欀 礀漀甀爀 眀愀礀 椀渀 䌀爀攀漀氀攀㰀⼀愀㸀 ਀          ऀ㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⼀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀⼀䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀㰀⼀愀㸀 ਀          ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀瀀㸀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 漀昀 䴀愀甀爀椀琀椀甀猀㰀⼀瀀㸀 Languages spoken in Mauritius ਀          ऀ㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⼀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀⼀唀爀搀甀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀唀爀搀甀Ⰰ 愀 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀 漀昀 倀愀欀椀猀琀愀渀㰀⼀愀㸀 ਀          ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀瀀㸀䬀爀攀漀氀 䴀漀爀椀猀礀攀渀㰀⼀瀀㸀 Pidgins and Creoles Mauritian Creole ਀          ऀ㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⼀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀⼀䌀爀攀漀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀吀甀 搀椀洀甀渀渀 瀀甀 瘀椀渀椀 欀爀攀漀氀 ⴀ 吀栀攀 䴀愀甀爀椀琀椀愀渀 䌀爀攀漀氀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀昀 挀爀攀漀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㰀⼀愀㸀 ਀          ऀ㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⼀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀⼀䌀爀攀漀氀椀猀琀䄀爀挀栀椀瘀攀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀䌀爀攀漀氀椀猀琀 䄀爀挀栀椀瘀攀猀㰀⼀愀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀愀戀氀攀 挀攀氀氀猀瀀愀挀椀渀最㴀　 挀攀氀氀瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㴀　 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㌀㤀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀
਀ The Linguist List ਀ऀऀ  㰀瀀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀猀洀漀⸀甀栀椀⸀愀挀⸀甀欀⼀猀愀漀最栀愀氀⼀洀椀漀渀ⴀ挀栀愀渀愀椀渀⼀䘀愀椀氀琀攀开攀渀⸀栀琀洀氀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 䴀椀渀漀爀椀琀礀 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 倀愀最攀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 Ethnologue Language Family Index ਀ऀऀ  㰀瀀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀愀挀猀琀愀昀昀⸀戀甀挀欀渀攀氀氀⸀攀搀甀⼀爀戀攀愀爀搀⼀搀椀挀琀椀漀渀⸀栀琀洀氀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀伀渀氀椀渀攀 䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 The UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages ਀ऀऀ  㰀瀀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀最礀⸀挀漀洀⼀栀漀洀攀⸀栀琀洀氀⌀䴀甀氀琀椀氀椀渀最甀愀氀─㈀　匀漀昀琀眀愀爀攀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀䄀 洀甀氀琀椀氀椀渀最甀愀氀 猀漀昀琀眀愀爀攀 搀椀最攀猀琀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 Language Australia ਀ऀऀ  㰀瀀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀氀愀渀最漀稀⸀愀渀甀⸀攀搀甀⸀愀甀⼀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀 䄀甀猀琀爀愀氀椀愀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 刀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀 䌀攀渀琀爀攀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 Summer Institute of Linguistics ਀ऀऀ  㰀瀀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀戀氀愀挀欀眀攀氀氀瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀爀猀⸀挀漀⸀甀欀⼀氀愀戀猀⼀搀攀昀愀甀氀琀⸀愀猀瀀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀䰀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀猀 䄀戀猀琀爀愀挀琀猀 伀渀氀椀渀攀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀

਀ऀ㰀琀愀戀氀攀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㜀㈀　∀ 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀∀㄀∀㸀 ਀ऀ  㰀琀搀㸀㰀椀洀最 愀氀琀㴀∀∀ 猀爀挀㴀∀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀漀爀琀栀漀最⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㜀㈀　∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㄀㤀㤀∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀ㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀 ਀        㰀琀戀漀搀礀㸀 ਀ऀ ऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀ  ऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㌀　㸀 ਀ऀ   ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀愀戀氀攀 挀攀氀氀猀瀀愀挀椀渀最㴀　 挀攀氀氀瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㴀　 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㈀㤀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀 ਀               ਀                 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㌀㈀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀ 愀氀琀㴀⸀  src="/Images/pixel.gif" ਀                  眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㄀㜀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀ ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀挀挀挀挀挀挀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀㌀㸀㰀椀洀最 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀ 愀氀琀㴀⸀  src="/Images/pixel.gif" ਀                  戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀               ਀                 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀ   ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀ 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀挀挀挀挀挀挀㸀 ਀ऀ   ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀愀戀氀攀 挀攀氀氀猀瀀愀挀椀渀最㴀　 挀攀氀氀瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㴀　 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀ 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀 ਀               ਀                 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀ   ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㌀㔀　㸀 ਀ऀ   ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀愀戀氀攀 挀攀氀氀猀瀀愀挀椀渀最㴀　 挀攀氀氀瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㴀　 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㌀㔀　 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　  id_xopus="2002/05/18/wi/article8624H" ਀            砀洀氀开砀漀瀀甀猀㴀∀㈀　　㈀⼀　㔀⼀㄀㠀⼀眀椀⼀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀㠀㘀㈀㐀䠀⸀渀稀稀漀洀氀∀  xsl_xopus="htmlArtikelZweiteSpalte_XOPUS.xsl" ਀            砀猀搀开砀漀瀀甀猀㴀∀戀攀爀椀挀栀琀⸀砀猀搀∀ 砀洀氀渀猀㨀砀愀氀愀渀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀砀洀氀⸀愀瀀愀挀栀攀⸀漀爀最⼀砀愀氀愀渀∀㸀 ਀               ਀                 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㌀㌀　㸀㰀椀洀最 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀ 愀氀琀㴀⸀  src="/Images/pixel.gif" ਀                  眀椀搀琀栀㴀㌀㌀　 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㜀㸀㰀椀洀最 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀ 愀氀琀㴀⸀  src="/Images/pixel.gif" ਀                  眀椀搀琀栀㴀㜀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ ਀ऀ ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀ ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀㈀ 㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀ ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀㌀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㔀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀㸀 ਀ऀऀ  ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀瀀 㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀∀ 漀渀䌀氀椀挀欀㴀∀栀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀最漀⠀ⴀ㄀⤀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀⼀䤀洀愀最攀猀⼀爀攀搀ⴀ愀爀爀漀眀氀攀昀琀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㘀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㘀∀ 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀∀　∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䈀愀挀欀㰀⼀愀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⼀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀⼀䈀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀一攀砀琀  Page  ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀
਀  㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 䠀攀氀瘀攀琀椀挀愀Ⰰ 猀愀渀猀ⴀ猀攀爀椀昀∀ 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㄀∀㸀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 ꤀㈀　　㈀ⴀ㈀　　㔀 䔀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀愀攀搀椀愀 䴀愀甀爀椀琀椀愀渀愀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀
਀  㰀搀椀瘀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䰀椀渀欀䜀爀攀礀∀㸀  Encyclopedia ਀    㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀欀爀攀漀氀⸀洀甀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀䌀爀攀漀氀攀㰀⼀愀㸀 Sega ਀    㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀戀椀爀搀猀⸀洀甀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀䈀椀爀搀猀㰀⼀愀㸀 Maps਀    㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀漀爀挀栀椀搀猀⸀洀甀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀伀爀挀栀椀搀猀㰀⼀愀㸀  Leica ਀    㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀愀氀瀀愀爀攀昀氀攀砀⸀挀漀洀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀䄀氀瀀愀㰀⼀愀㸀  Kilfitt਀    㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀挀愀搀攀氀攀挀⸀挀漀洀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀䌀愀搀攀氀攀挀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀戀爀㸀  ਀    㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀渀最礀愀渀琀甀渀⸀挀漀洀∀ 琀愀爀最攀琀㴀∀开戀氀愀渀欀∀㸀ꀀ㰀⼀愀㸀 ਀ ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀ   ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀ 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀挀挀挀挀挀挀㸀 ਀ऀ   ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀愀戀氀攀 挀攀氀氀猀瀀愀挀椀渀最㴀　 挀攀氀氀瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㴀　 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀ 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀 ਀               ਀                 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀ   ऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㔀㈀㸀

਀ऀऀ  ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀瀀㸀䤀渀 昀愀挀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 搀攀搀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀洀愀氀氀 戀漀漀欀氀攀琀 ✀䠀漀眀 琀漀 眀爀椀琀攀 䬀爀攀漀氀  properly' (1989) perhaps illustrates the strong identity this group of ਀䴀愀甀爀椀琀椀愀渀猀 栀愀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀爀攀漀氀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀㨀㰀⼀瀀㸀 ਀ऀ ऀ   ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀搀椀爀㸀 "Dedicated to all those struggling against the aggression of "Francophonie" ਀愀渀搀 椀渀 昀愀瘀漀甀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀✀猀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 椀渀 䴀愀甀爀椀琀椀甀猀∀ ⠀椀戀椀搀⤀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀  Top ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀搀椀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀瀀㸀䠀椀最栀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 攀渀樀漀礀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀愀戀氀攀 瀀爀攀猀琀椀最攀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀  allow social mobility, they are the varieties used in literature. Low varieties, ਀漀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 猀琀椀最洀愀琀椀猀攀搀 愀渀搀 猀瀀攀愀欀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀  will even not admit to speaking the low variety. All children will learn the low ਀瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 椀昀 渀漀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 栀漀洀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀攀爀瘀愀渀琀猀 眀栀漀 氀漀漀欀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀洀  and from other children at school. Frequently the low variety will become the ਀挀漀洀洀漀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 漀爀 㰀椀㸀氀椀渀最甀愀 昀爀愀渀挀愀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀礀最爀漀甀渀搀 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀  is taught inside the classroom. So we can differentiate the two varieties by ਀猀愀礀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 洀愀渀礀 猀瀀攀愀欀攀爀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 椀猀 ᠀琠愀甀最栀琀ᤀ†戀甀琀 琀栀攀 氀漀眀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀  is ‘learned’. Nonetheless there have been situations where the low variety has ਀戀攀攀渀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀洀攀搀椀甀洀 漀昀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀栀爀攀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 漀昀  schooling (eg, the Seychelles), or where the choice of medium of instruction is ਀氀攀昀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀爀攀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 䴀愀甀爀椀琀椀甀猀 Ⰰ 眀㰀昀漀渀琀  face="Times,Times New Roman">ithin the education system, the choice of language ਀椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 猀挀栀漀漀氀猀 椀猀 氀攀昀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀爀攀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀 愀渀搀 瘀攀爀礀 漀昀琀攀渀  the teacher will use either Bhojpuri(1)or Mauricien (Mauritian French-based ਀挀爀攀漀氀攀⤀ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀漀眀攀爀 氀攀瘀攀氀猀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 漀昀  long-standing prejudices among teachers and parents Creole and Bhojpuri are not ਀爀攀愀搀椀氀礀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 愀猀 ✀氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀✀ 㰀椀㸀瀀攀爀 猀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀渀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 ਀ (1)Bhojpuri (derived from the name of the town Bhojpur) is the name for a ਀最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 搀椀愀氀攀挀琀猀 挀氀漀猀攀氀礀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 䠀椀渀搀椀 愀渀搀 猀瀀漀欀攀渀 戀礀 猀漀洀攀 ㈀　 洀椀氀氀椀漀渀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀  in the north eastern Indian province of Bihar today (Dinan ਀㄀㤀㠀㘀㨀㄀㘀⤀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀瀀㸀䰀漀眀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 戀漀爀爀漀眀 眀漀爀搀猀 昀爀漀洀 栀椀最栀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀  when a low variety is used more formally or when new words are required to ਀攀砀瀀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瘀漀挀愀戀甀氀愀爀礀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀攀氀攀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 栀愀猀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 㰀昀漀渀琀  face="Times,Times New Roman">much new socio-economic terminology into the creole ਀氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 漀昀 䴀愀甀爀椀琀椀甀猀 Ⰰ 攀⸀最㨀 㰀甀㸀爀攀欀氀愀猀椀昀椀欀愀猀礀漀渀㰀⼀甀㸀 ✀樀漀戀 爀攀挀氀愀猀猀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀✀Ⰰ  ekportasyon 'export' (noun) ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀瀀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀爀椀最栀琀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀  face="Times,Times New Roman">. Top ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀搀㸀

਀         㰀琀戀漀搀礀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀㸀                 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㌀㌀㘀㘀㤀㤀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㌀㔀∀ 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀∀洀椀搀搀氀攀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀氀攀昀琀∀ 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀吀爀愀昀椀氀攀琀琀漀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㈀　∀㸀刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀㸀                 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀ ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㄀㄀　∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀 ਀ऀऀ㰀⼀琀戀漀搀礀㸀

Wardhaugh, Ronald ਀⠀㄀㤀㤀㠀⤀ 㰀椀㸀㰀戀爀㸀 An Introduction to Sociolinguistics ਀ऀऀ  ㌀爀搀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀⸀ 㰀戀爀㸀 Oxford: Basil ਀䈀氀愀挀欀眀攀氀氀 ⠀刀圀⤀ ਀ऀऀ 㰀⼀琀搀㸀

਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ㰀琀愀戀氀攀 挀攀氀氀猀瀀愀挀椀渀最㴀　 挀攀氀氀瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㴀　 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㌀㤀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　㸀 ਀               ਀                 ਀                  

 

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